THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF E/M WAVES

We observe from a brief observation of the electromag­netic spectrum with emphasis on the frequency or wavelength and on hf energy - some general characteristics with which we distinguish an e / m fluctuation, apart from the other characteristics of these wave movements -, certain divergences and a variety, that reveal phenomena for creation and conservation of matter. We observe the following differentiations:

> Electromagnetic fluctuations of the very low frequencies (VLF up to ≈ 30 kHz) have a wavelength 100 to 10 kilometres respectively and are listed first in order. They can cause vibrations in molecules, they can induce electrical currents on large conductive surfaces and pass through the ground and the sea. Conversely, the friction of bodies can also cause such fluctu­ations, as well as electrostatic phenomena, too.

> Electromagnetic fluctuations of low frequencies (LF ≈ 30 - 300 kHz) follow the Earth's surface in their propagation. This bending is not due to the gravitational field, since the equivalent energy and mass of such low frequencies is also very small. Long wires are also needed to amplify and transmit waves of a wavelength of 10 km to 1 km. The ionized layers of the atmosphere reflect them with increased stability because these waves alternate slowly (compared to the higher frequencies), are repeated over long distances and spread with fewer reflections (per period). As more generally in the lower frequency band, their reflection on the ground is less frequent and these waves attenuate less than the highest frequency radio waves. The phenomenon of the diffraction observed in all waves when they encounter obstacles allows the LF waves to propagate at longer distances than the field of view of the rectilinear distance. Despite obstacles on the surface of earth the lower attenuation of low frequencies and the diffraction are the advantages that have been exploited for radio broadcasts in difficult geographic areas and in areas that have limited field of vision in earlier times when there were no telecommunications satellites and transponders.

> Electromagnetic fluctuations of the medium frequencies (MF ≈ 300 - 3000 kHz) follow also in their propagation the surface of the Earth. However, the effect of ionized gases on the low atmospheric layers becomes clearer and easier. The ionized layers of the atmosphere behave like natural conduits. MF waves are quite similar to LF ones. Due to the shorter wavelength they are more easily utilized until today for distant transmissions. During the day, solar radiation causes ionization of gas masses in lower atmospheric layers (layer D ≈ 50 ~ 100km altitude) and the e / m waves of these mid-frequencies are absorbed instead of being favored in their propagation. During night hours they are reflected by the ionized layers at higher layers. For this reason, we listen during the night through an MW-AM radio to more radio stations from longer distances with variability or interference in their signal.

> Electromagnetic fluctuations of high frequencies (HF ≈ 3000 - 30000 kHz) with a wavelength less than 100 meters until 10m have propagation that is easily affected by the minimal changes in the ionized layers of the atmosphere. Their ionospheric propagation may be affected of one second of the hour to the next. High frequency waves are more often reflected on the ground, so their energy is lost and their propagation as ground waves is weakened. The propagation of HF radio waves into ionized gases (at a height between 80 ~ 400km) occurs with a slight difference in velocity that causes the wave propagation to bend and reflect. This effect of the ionized atmosphere on the behavior of the radio waves becomes more apparent at these wavelengths. The intensity of the waves changes ceaselessly and extremely over the 24-hour period and seasons. In their reception by an ordinary SW radio receiver we observe quite a lot of phenomena, which are explained by the wave behavior such as the variability of intensity, the fast fade of signal and again its increment, the reception of signals in very distant areas, while in the closest areas there is no reception. As we can reasonably think, the composition of the atmosphere, its extent, the thickness, the density, the differences in the temperature of the ionized gases, the change in the state of ionization, the winds and the condensed humidity, the angle with which the waves enter in the ionized layers, all these changes and differences affect strongly and with great instability the propagation of these waves. To date, these are the frequencies for long-distance transmission across the earth with natural retransmission.

> Electromagnetic waves of very high frequencies (VHF ≈ 30000 - 300000 kHz = 30 - 300 MHz), where the wavelength decreases and reaches 1 meter, are weakened and absorbed more easily by the ground and the objects. These waves begin to have a rectilinear spread and are hardly affected by the ionized atmospheric gases. They reflected more rarely, especially as we approach the upper limit of this subdivision of frequencies. The radio waves, which are emitted in the upper part of this zone, penetrate easily the ionized layers of the atmosphere. In rare cases of more intense ionization of the atmosphere (from sunlight usually in summer months), it is not unlikely that we perceive the reflection of their propagation on a receiver. Moving objects larger than the length of these waves cause frequent reflections and corresponding changes in the current intensity generated in a receiving antenna. This is especially when the moving bodies have a metallic composition (such as an airplane).

> Only electromagnetic waves far above the high frequencies (UHF ≈ 300 MHz = 3e8 Hz) with a wavelength of less than 1 meter appear to propagate the same way as the light. From here on, the bands of frequencies begin, which are used in our times for satellite broadcasting. We can direct these waves of ultra high frequencies with small-size antennas, which behave like mirrors and can easily escape from all the layers of the atmo­sphere and reach space. We are still far away from the wave frequencies which have been measured for light (≈ 1e8Hz < 1e14Hz), but their differences become more apparent from the way they are produced, and not from their propagation. In technology, the lengths of the conductors and the proximity of any material close to the source, which generates fluctuations of such frequencies, affect greatly the operation of the circuits and cause sharp fading, deviation of frequency and change in technical characteristics. This is the main reason why it was more difficult to manufacture electronic circuits and devices operating at higher frequencies. The materials, which are used for the electronic circuits, the distances between the materials and even the contacts inside the components are crucial to whether they work or not and to the decree of their performance. The approximation of materials, the distances of the electrical contacts and the lengths of conductors create parasitic phenomena. The electromagnetic waves with a frequency higher than ≈1e12 Hz are more easily produced by stimulating molecules and atoms of matter.

> As we approach the frequencies of light (≈1e14 Hz, range of ΤHz), electromagnetic waves acquire a behavior that looks less waves and more like particles. The phenomena of easy focusing and their increased absorp­tion (when bodies interfere) are more apparent. Up to these smaller wave­lengths which reach one millionth of a meter (ie one thousandth of a mil­limeter, 1e-6m), the e / m waves have not enough energy to influence the structure of the atom of matter (the energy levels of electrons). That is why they are called "non-ionizing radiation". When the wavelength is smaller than the microscopic empty spaces that the interconnected molecules of the bodies have, then the microwaves can pass through material objects, as if the bodies were transparent. That's why these radiations are used to get a trace, a footprint from the microscopic structure of some bodies (radio­graph) and thus these micro-waves transfer useful information to the re­searchers. But it is easy for these waves to interact with the molecules and to be attenuated or reflected and their energy to be converted in heat. All elec­tromagnetic radiations, however, when their source is at short distance, and when they have increased intensity, increase the mobility and the tempera­ture of the molecules in the chemical compounds. How much they do, it de­pends mainly on distance, intensity and duration of exposure to radiation. In addition, the higher frequency waves carry more energy than the ones of the lower frequencies. The nearest frequency section just before the oscillations we perceive as light, is the infrared radiation (1e12 Hz ≈ 1e14 Hz).

> In the visible light radiation of a wavelength of 700 ~ 420nm (≈1e-6 m), we obviously notice the easy interaction of these e/m waves with the structure of matter, with the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds and a number of phenomena which are critical to the presence of life (such as photosynthesis). The radiation in the visible spectrum is produced and is easily induced by certain reactions of the material bodies, such as when they are rubbed, heated or chemically altered. The energy hf, which an electron in the simplest atom can extract, is about 13.6 eV while the energy which is transmitted in frequencies of the visible light is between 1.5 ~ 3 eV. Radiations with wavelengths smaller than visible light, λ <1e-6m may also cause electromagnetic waves and fluctuations (like fluorescence and visible light) when they interact with the structure of atoms. By slightly exceeding the frequency of visible light (ultraviolet radiation above 1e15 Hz, λ ≈1e-7m), we can easily detect the effect of radiation on the bodies in the form of heat. Radiation at wavelengths slightly smaller than the violet color appears to interact decisively with the structure of matter and directly causes ionization, chemical and biological changes and accelerates them. That is, these fluctuations start from the fluctuations that we detect as visible light at a slightly higher rate, which disrupt the atomic structure, and in this case we speak about "ionizing radiation". Electromagnetic fluctuations near the zone of light are those that can penetrate into the atoms of matter, which affect easily the structure of atoms and can change their properties and how the atoms can are combined with each other. Conversely, if the structure of the atoms is disturbed, also fluctuations and high-frequency radiation can be generated, as well as light. A quantity of energy of about 10eV corresponds to a frequency of ≈2.4179e15 Hz, that is very near comparing to ionization energy. Apart from the sense of heat, we all have perceived some alterations in the color and texture of many things that the sun enlightened them, and how the chemical processes speed up and cause odors and spoilage in food and trash and premature aging of the skin. Over the last decades, people often listen about the risk of “melanoma" from the cumulative exposure of the skin to sunlight.

> Near frequencies of ≈1e19Hz, the wavelength approaches 1e-11m, ie close to the electron's Compton length (some 10000 times less than the visible light wavelength). Smaller wavelengths approach the diameter of an atom. This spectrum of radiation is called by the letter X or the name Rontgen (the investigator who discovered their effect) and corresponds to energies between 120eV - 12keV. X-rays have wavelengths smaller than ultraviolet waves and larger than γ waves. With their high energy and small wavelength they penetrate deeper into the bodies and cause breakage of chemical bonds. Emission of such X-rays is achieved when electrons are accelerated by high voltages into many tens of thousands volts into cathode-ray tubes and strike on a metal target at high speeds, resistant to high temperatures. Also X-rays are produced and have been detected in stars.

> At the higher frequencies, we classify the gamma rays (1e19 ≈ 1e20Hz) after the X-rays, which are even more penetrating. At even higher frequencies electron beams (β) are observed and we have almost reached the phenomenon of particle production. Needless to say, such fluctuations and radiations break down molecular compounds, destroy chemical processes, increase heat, and can cause a chain reaction. The phenomenon of radioactivity is extremely dangerous for living organisms, because radiations are generated at the highest frequencies and respectively at so short wavelengths, where high energy corresponds to them and high-speed particles are generated, which have a destructive effect on the cells.

By a simple recording of the behavior of electromagnetic waves, we comprehend relations that almost reveal in the most unprepared mind of someone the close relation of electromagnetism with the structure of matter and the identification of particles with amounts of electromagnetic energy. One of the revealing observations of this concise recording, which we can not ignore when we refer to the relation between structural elements and the creation of nature, is as follows: In wave fluctuations of lower frequencies, the energy appears to be shared over long distances like the waves that spread in all directions of the free space, in extreme contrast to the localized presence of the bodies. Instead, the energy appears as focused in the wave fluctuations of the higher frequencies. (...) At the shortest wavelengths and at the highest rates of fluctuations, the amounts of electromagnetic energy are presented as particles, which, in order to be stabilized, the return of the free space to its equilibrium state is somehow needed to be prevented. (...) It is particularly important to know that a transmitted electromagnetic wave may has its own fluctuations. We say this, because information is in such a way transferred and copied and transformed into other physical processes. (...) The explanation of the structural elements as fluctuations in energy of the free space gives also this solution so that the reproduction of complex phenomena and the creative processes of nature, by which some phenomena can be repeated in an extremely wide variety, can be explained.

*Notation: The excerpt is from the treatise under the title:

COMPLETE UNIVERSE, DYNAMIC SPACE, WAVE PHENOMENA. The subtitle is: How the natural laws and forces are applied. The fundamental concepts and relations for a rational Cosmology (Cosmonomy). ISBN 978-618-85170-2-8, ©2021